首页 > 历代字书 > 切韵 > 难
难
—
部首：隹部 平声·卷一·寒第二
隋代 切韵
《切韵》原典训诂 正音诵读已收录
经文原典 《切韵》：那含切，平声，寒韵第二，泥母。难，不易也。颜之推曰：‘难字有二音，一为不易之义，平声；一为患难之义，去声。今洛下雅音以那含切表不易，音韵和畅，合于雅言。’萧该审之，以为然，遂定此音于寒韵。
—— 隋代·陆法言 著
📜 造字意图与考释疏证（注疏阐发）

在《切韵》音系中，‘难’字以那含切表其平声之音，属泥母寒韵。拟音可构拟为 /nɑn/，其中反切上字‘那’为泥母字，取其声母 /n/，为次浊声母；反切下字‘含’为寒韵字，取其韵母 /ɑn/ 及平声调。此音表示不易之义。至后世，‘难’字去声之音渐兴，表患难之义，然中古平声之音仍存于部分方言及古语词中。现代普通话中，‘难’字平声读作 nán，去声读作 nàn，音理演变脉络清晰，体现了语音的历史层次性。

诵 古风诵读音色与语速调节
MiniMax 古风诵读 · 依古籍原训分句
儒
儒雅书生
沉稳古风男声
婉
温婉闺秀
清丽古风女声
雅
雅正先生
端庄古风男声
诵
古韵说书
浑厚古风诵读
语速 1.0x
选择音色与语速，点击诵读
中小学易懂白话解析 ERNIE 大模型译注

文言训诂太深奥？点击下方按钮，由文心大模型用孩子能听懂的话，为你讲解「难」字的意思。

篆隶楷草行五体名家碑帖切片 五体墨迹碑拓

横向对比「难」字在历代传世名家碑帖中的法书原拓，品悟五体书道流变神韵（点击切片可鉴赏高清大图与法书考析）：

篆书
难
秦·李斯《泰山刻石》
玉箸垂露 骨力森严
隶书
难
东汉·《曹全碑》
蚕头燕尾 一波三折
楷书
难
唐·颜真卿《多宝塔碑》
雄强端严 筋骨坚劲
行书
难
东晋·王羲之《兰亭序》
行云流水 飘若浮云
草书
难
唐·怀素《自叙帖》
奔蛇走虺 骤雨旋风
一键生成古风分享卡片 朱砂篆刻印章

将「难」字、古籍出处与训诂原文，绘成一张带朱砂印章的古风海报，一键保存分享。

典籍考证与学术护城河

中古韵书开山之作，奠定中古音系框架，音韵训诂承前启后之关键。 本词条由秒哒书法字典学术专家组与古代字书训诂研究团队校勘，汇集说文、尔雅、方言、经籍籑诂等历代字书互证考释，构建汉字学术研究与书法创作权威依据。

历代古代字书研习矩阵 67部字书互证

秒哒书法字典独家收录两汉至明清 67 部权威古代字书韵书，一键对照训诂同源考释：

《说文解字》·东汉许慎 《尔雅》·先秦古籍训诂 《方言》·西汉扬雄音训 《广韵》·宋代重修广韵 《集韵》·北宋古韵集大成 《康熙字典》·清代官修集大成
历代经典字书训诂互证矩阵

秒哒书法字典汇集两汉魏晋唐宋元明清 67 部传世古籍，横向互证「难」字训释：

东汉《说文解字》 先秦《尔雅》 西汉《方言》 东汉《释名》 北宋《广韵》 北宋《集韵》 清代《康熙字典》 明末《通雅》

在「秒哒书法字典」中研习全息字书

支持 63+ 部古代字书全息对比、历代碑帖原迹临摹、笔顺分步动画与正音诵读

一键进入小程序研读
古风分享卡片
📖 生字本本地温习 (共 0 字)
名家碑帖原拓鉴赏
难
书体与碑帖出处
法书技法评注
' + '' + ''; printWin.document.open(); printWin.document.write(printHtml); printWin.document.close(); }, init: function () { this.updateFavBtnState(); }, }; // ===== 古风分享卡片（Canvas 多排版样式切换：朱砂宣纸/极简水墨/古典碑帖）===== const cardModal = document.getElementById("cardModal"); const cardPreview = document.getElementById("cardPreview"); let cardDataUrl = ""; let currentCardStyle = "classic"; // classic | minimal | stele function wrapText(ctx, text, x, y, maxWidth, lineHeight) { const chars = text.split(""); let line = ""; let curY = y; for (let i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) { const test = line + chars[i]; if (ctx.measureText(test).width > maxWidth && line) { ctx.fillText(line, x, curY); line = chars[i]; curY += lineHeight; } else { line = test; } } ctx.fillText(line, x, curY); return curY; } window.DictCard = { currentStyle: "classic", switchStyle: function (style) { this.currentStyle = style; const tabs = ["classic", "minimal", "stele"]; tabs.forEach(t => { const btn = document.getElementById("styleTab" + t.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + t.slice(1)); if (btn) { if (t === style) btn.classList.add("active"); else btn.classList.remove("active"); } }); this.draw(style); }, generate: function () { this.switchStyle(this.currentStyle || "classic"); cardModal.classList.add("open"); }, draw: function (style) { try { const W = 750, H = 1000; const canvas = document.createElement("canvas"); canvas.width = W; canvas.height = H; const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d"); if (style === "minimal") { // ===== 风格二：极简水墨 (Minimal Ink Wash) ===== // 浅灰冷白素纸背景 const bg = ctx.createLinearGradient(0, 0, 0, H); bg.addColorStop(0, "#fafaf9"); bg.addColorStop(1, "#f4f4f3"); ctx.fillStyle = bg; ctx.fillRect(0, 0, W, H); // 极细墨灰几何边框与角标 ctx.strokeStyle = "#e4e4e7"; ctx.lineWidth = 1; ctx.strokeRect(30, 30, W - 60, H - 60); // 四角细线墨标 ctx.strokeStyle = "#71717a"; ctx.lineWidth = 2; const corn = 24; // 左上 ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(30, 30 + corn); ctx.lineTo(30, 30); ctx.lineTo(30 + corn, 30); ctx.stroke(); // 右上 ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(W - 30 - corn, 30); ctx.lineTo(W - 30, 30); ctx.lineTo(W - 30, 30 + corn); ctx.stroke(); // 左下 ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(30, H - 30 - corn); ctx.lineTo(30, H - 30); ctx.lineTo(30 + corn, H - 30); ctx.stroke(); // 右下 ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(W - 30 - corn, H - 30); ctx.lineTo(W - 30, H - 30); ctx.lineTo(W - 30, H - 30 - corn); ctx.stroke(); // 顶部标题（极简水墨黑） ctx.fillStyle = "#52525b"; ctx.font = '500 24px "KaiTi","STKaiti","SimSun",serif'; ctx.textAlign = "center"; const srcText = (DICT_DATA.dynasty ? DICT_DATA.dynasty + " · " : "") + DICT_DATA.author + "《" + DICT_DATA.bookTitle + "》"; ctx.fillText(srcText, W / 2, 110); // 中间大字（纯浓水墨深黑） ctx.fillStyle = "#09090b"; ctx.font = '700 310px "KaiTi","STKaiti","SimSun",serif'; ctx.textBaseline = "middle"; ctx.fillText(DICT_DATA.char, W / 2, 380); ctx.textBaseline = "alphabetic"; // 读音与部首（素雅石灰色） ctx.fillStyle = "#71717a"; ctx.font = '400 22px "KaiTi","STKaiti",serif'; const metaMin = []; if (DICT_DATA.pinyin) metaMin.push("音 " + DICT_DATA.pinyin); if (DICT_DATA.radical && DICT_DATA.radical !== "—") metaMin.push("部 " + DICT_DATA.radical); if (metaMin.length) ctx.fillText(metaMin.join(" · "), W / 2, 540); // 水墨分隔细横线 ctx.strokeStyle = "#e4e4e7"; ctx.lineWidth = 1; ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(120, 580); ctx.lineTo(W - 120, 580); ctx.stroke(); // 训诂原文 ctx.fillStyle = "#27272a"; ctx.font = '400 26px "KaiTi","STKaiti","SimSun",serif'; ctx.textAlign = "left"; const quoteMin = "「" + DICT_DATA.originalText.slice(0, 60) + "」"; wrapText(ctx, quoteMin, 100, 640, W - 200, 44); // 墨黑篆书方印（极简深灰色） const sealSize = 110; const sealX = W - 100 - sealSize; const sealY = H - 90 - sealSize; ctx.save(); ctx.translate(sealX + sealSize / 2, sealY + sealSize / 2); ctx.fillStyle = "#18181b"; ctx.fillRect(-sealSize / 2, -sealSize / 2, sealSize, sealSize); ctx.strokeStyle = "#52525b"; ctx.lineWidth = 2; ctx.strokeRect(-sealSize / 2 + 6, -sealSize / 2 + 6, sealSize - 12, sealSize - 12); ctx.fillStyle = "#f4f4f5"; ctx.font = '700 58px "KaiTi","STKaiti","SimSun",serif'; ctx.textAlign = "center"; ctx.textBaseline = "middle"; ctx.fillText(DICT_DATA.char, 0, 4); ctx.restore(); ctx.textBaseline = "alphabetic"; // 底部 ctx.fillStyle = "#a1a1aa"; ctx.font = '400 20px "KaiTi","STKaiti",serif'; ctx.textAlign = "center"; ctx.fillText("极简水墨 · 秒哒书法字典", W / 2, H - 60); } else if (style === "stele") { // ===== 风格三：古典碑帖 (Classical Stele Rubbing) ===== // 玄青拓片黑石背景 const bg = ctx.createLinearGradient(0, 0, W, H); bg.addColorStop(0, "#191c21"); bg.addColorStop(1, "#0f1115"); ctx.fillStyle = bg; ctx.fillRect(0, 0, W, H); // 模拟石碑风化斑驳微粒 ctx.fillStyle = "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"; for (let i = 0; i < 400; i++) { const rx = (Math.sin(i * 99) * 0.5 + 0.5) * W; const ry = (Math.cos(i * 37) * 0.5 + 0.5) * H; ctx.fillRect(rx, ry, (i % 3) + 1, (i % 3) + 1); } // 碑刻金石粗线与细线外框 ctx.strokeStyle = "#475569"; ctx.lineWidth = 3; ctx.strokeRect(26, 26, W - 52, H - 52); ctx.strokeStyle = "#334155"; ctx.lineWidth = 1; ctx.strokeRect(36, 36, W - 72, H - 72); // 碑帖出处（金石青灰白色） ctx.fillStyle = "#94a3b8"; ctx.font = '600 28px "KaiTi","STKaiti","SimSun",serif'; ctx.textAlign = "center"; const steleSrc = (DICT_DATA.dynasty ? DICT_DATA.dynasty + "·" : "") + DICT_DATA.author + "《" + DICT_DATA.bookTitle + "》拓本考释"; ctx.fillText(steleSrc, W / 2, 115); // 碑拓大字（温润拓石白，金石气派） ctx.fillStyle = "#f8fafc"; ctx.font = '700 310px "KaiTi","STKaiti","SimSun",serif'; ctx.textBaseline = "middle"; ctx.fillText(DICT_DATA.char, W / 2, 380); ctx.textBaseline = "alphabetic"; // 读音部首 ctx.fillStyle = "#cbd5e1"; ctx.font = '400 24px "KaiTi","STKaiti",serif'; const metaStele = []; if (DICT_DATA.pinyin) metaStele.push("【反切/音韵】" + DICT_DATA.pinyin); if (DICT_DATA.radical && DICT_DATA.radical !== "—") metaStele.push("【部首】" + DICT_DATA.radical); if (metaStele.length) ctx.fillText(metaStele.join(" "), W / 2, 540); // 原文拓释 ctx.fillStyle = "#e2e8f0"; ctx.font = '400 25px "KaiTi","STKaiti","SimSun",serif'; ctx.textAlign = "left"; const quoteStele = "经文原典：" + DICT_DATA.originalText.slice(0, 60); wrapText(ctx, quoteStele, 90, 620, W - 180, 42); // 朱砂拓印鲜红印章（大红色方印，在黑底上格外醒目） const sealSize = 130; const sealX = W - 90 - sealSize; const sealY = H - 90 - sealSize; ctx.save(); ctx.translate(sealX + sealSize / 2, sealY + sealSize / 2); ctx.rotate((-4 * Math.PI) / 180); ctx.fillStyle = "#dc2626"; ctx.fillRect(-sealSize / 2, -sealSize / 2, sealSize, sealSize); ctx.strokeStyle = "#fca5a5"; ctx.lineWidth = 3; ctx.strokeRect(-sealSize / 2 + 8, -sealSize / 2 + 8, sealSize - 16, sealSize - 16); ctx.fillStyle = "#ffffff"; ctx.font = '700 70px "KaiTi","STKaiti","SimSun",serif'; ctx.textAlign = "center"; ctx.textBaseline = "middle"; ctx.fillText(DICT_DATA.char, 0, 6); ctx.restore(); ctx.textBaseline = "alphabetic"; // 底部 ctx.fillStyle = "#64748b"; ctx.font = '400 22px "KaiTi","STKaiti",serif'; ctx.textAlign = "center"; ctx.fillText("古典碑帖 · 秒哒书法字典 · miaoda-h5.com", W / 2, H - 60); } else { // ===== 风格一：经典朱砂宣纸 (Classic Vermilion & Rice Paper) ===== const bg = ctx.createLinearGradient(0, 0, W, H); bg.addColorStop(0, "#f7f1e3"); bg.addColorStop(1, "#efe5cf"); ctx.fillStyle = bg; ctx.fillRect(0, 0, W, H); ctx.strokeStyle = "rgba(180,160,110,0.08)"; ctx.lineWidth = 1; for (let i = 0; i < H; i += 6) { ctx.beginPath(); ctx.moveTo(0, i); ctx.lineTo(W, i + 2); ctx.stroke(); } ctx.strokeStyle = "#c41e3a"; ctx.lineWidth = 4; ctx.strokeRect(24, 24, W - 48, H - 48); ctx.strokeStyle = "#d6c9ad"; ctx.lineWidth = 1; ctx.strokeRect(34, 34, W - 68, H - 68); ctx.fillStyle = "#5b4a32"; ctx.font = '600 30px "KaiTi","STKaiti","SimSun",serif'; ctx.textAlign = "center"; const source = (DICT_DATA.dynasty ? DICT_DATA.dynasty + "·" : "") + DICT_DATA.author + "《" + DICT_DATA.bookTitle + "》"; ctx.fillText(source, W / 2, 110); ctx.fillStyle = "#1c1917"; ctx.font = '700 300px "KaiTi","STKaiti","SimSun",serif'; ctx.textBaseline = "middle"; ctx.fillText(DICT_DATA.char, W / 2, 380); ctx.textBaseline = "alphabetic"; ctx.fillStyle = "#8a7a5c"; ctx.font = '400 24px "KaiTi","STKaiti",serif'; const meta = []; if (DICT_DATA.pinyin) meta.push("读音 " + DICT_DATA.pinyin); if (DICT_DATA.radical && DICT_DATA.radical !== "—") meta.push("部首 " + DICT_DATA.radical); if (meta.length) ctx.fillText(meta.join("　"), W / 2, 540); ctx.fillStyle = "#3f372c"; ctx.font = '400 26px "KaiTi","STKaiti","SimSun",serif'; ctx.textAlign = "left"; const quote = "「" + DICT_DATA.originalText.slice(0, 60) + "」"; wrapText(ctx, quote, 90, 620, W - 180, 42); const sealSize = 130; const sealX = W - 90 - sealSize; const sealY = H - 90 - sealSize; ctx.save(); ctx.translate(sealX + sealSize / 2, sealY + sealSize / 2); ctx.rotate((-6 * Math.PI) / 180); ctx.fillStyle = "#c41e3a"; ctx.fillRect(-sealSize / 2, -sealSize / 2, sealSize, sealSize); ctx.strokeStyle = "#fff"; ctx.lineWidth = 4; ctx.strokeRect(-sealSize / 2 + 8, -sealSize / 2 + 8, sealSize - 16, sealSize - 16); ctx.fillStyle = "#fff"; ctx.font = '700 70px "KaiTi","STKaiti","SimSun",serif'; ctx.textAlign = "center"; ctx.textBaseline = "middle"; ctx.fillText(DICT_DATA.char, 0, 6); ctx.restore(); ctx.textBaseline = "alphabetic"; ctx.fillStyle = "#9a8a6a"; ctx.font = '400 22px "KaiTi","STKaiti",serif'; ctx.textAlign = "center"; ctx.fillText("秒哒书法字典 · miaoda-h5.com", W / 2, H - 60); } cardDataUrl = canvas.toDataURL("image/png"); cardPreview.innerHTML = '古风分享卡片'; } catch (e) { alert("当前环境不支持海报绘制，请升级浏览器后重试"); } }, close: function () { cardModal.classList.remove("open"); }, download: function () { if (!cardDataUrl) return; const a = document.createElement("a"); a.href = cardDataUrl; const styleNameMap = { classic: "朱砂宣纸", minimal: "极简水墨", stele: "古典碑帖" }; const styleLabel = styleNameMap[this.currentStyle] || "古风卡片"; a.download = DICT_DATA.char + "_" + DICT_DATA.bookTitle + "_" + styleLabel + "_秒哒书法字典.png"; document.body.appendChild(a); a.click(); document.body.removeChild(a); }, }; // ===== 宣纸泛黄质感与主题切换系统 ===== const THEME_KEY = "mda_paper_theme_v1"; const paperThemeBtn = document.getElementById("paperThemeBtn"); const paperThemeIcon = document.getElementById("paperThemeIcon"); const paperThemeText = document.getElementById("paperThemeText"); window.PaperTheme = { current: "white", init: function () { try { const saved = localStorage.getItem(THEME_KEY); if (saved && (saved === "white" || saved === "aged" || saved === "dark")) { this.apply(saved, false); } else { this.apply("white", false); } } catch (e) { this.apply("white", false); } }, toggle: function () { const seq = ["white", "aged", "dark"]; const nextIdx = (seq.indexOf(this.current) + 1) % seq.length; this.apply(seq[nextIdx], true); }, apply: function (theme, notify) { this.current = theme; document.body.classList.remove("theme-aged", "theme-dark"); try { localStorage.setItem(THEME_KEY, theme); } catch (e) {} const metaMap = { white: { icon: "📜", text: "素雅宣纸", toast: "已切换至「清雅素白宣纸」质感" }, aged: { icon: "🍂", text: "泛黄古宣", toast: "已切换至「古韵泛黄宣纸」质感" }, dark: { icon: "🌑", text: "玄黑金石", toast: "已切换至「玄黑金石拓本」质感" }, }; const meta = metaMap[theme] || metaMap.white; if (theme === "aged") document.body.classList.add("theme-aged"); else if (theme === "dark") document.body.classList.add("theme-dark"); if (paperThemeIcon) paperThemeIcon.textContent = meta.icon; if (paperThemeText) paperThemeText.textContent = meta.text; if (notify) showToast(meta.toast); }, }; // ===== 篆隶楷草行五体古代名家碑帖切片鉴赏 ===== const steleModal = document.getElementById("steleModal"); const steleModalTitle = document.getElementById("steleModalTitle"); const steleModalBox = document.getElementById("steleModalBox"); const steleModalChar = document.getElementById("steleModalChar"); const steleModalMeta = document.getElementById("steleModalMeta"); const steleModalCritique = document.getElementById("steleModalCritique"); const STELE_INFO = { zhuan: { title: "篆书名家碑拓鉴赏", source: "秦·李斯《泰山刻石》/ 许慎《说文解字》篆部", bgClass: "stele-dark", fontClass: "font-zhuan", critique: "李斯小篆结体修长匀整，玉箸垂露，铁线圆折，线条粗细一致而骨力森然，为秦代金石大一统正统法度。", }, li: { title: "隶书名家碑拓鉴赏", source: "东汉·《曹全碑》/《乙瑛碑》/《汉隶字源》", bgClass: "stele-dark", fontClass: "font-li", critique: "汉隶蚕头燕尾，一波三折，体态开张舒展，骨肉停匀而意态从容，展现汉魏金石碑版的典雅敦厚之美。", }, kai: { title: "楷书名家法书鉴赏", source: "唐·颜真卿《多宝塔碑》/ 欧阳询《九成宫醴泉铭》", bgClass: "stele-rubbing", fontClass: "font-kai", critique: "唐楷法度极严，颜体雄强端庄、筋骨坚劲；欧体险劲内敛，点画如高山坠石，为后世万代楷模。", }, xing: { title: "行书名家墨迹鉴赏", source: "东晋·王羲之《兰亭序》/ 唐·颜真卿《祭侄文稿》", bgClass: "stele-ink", fontClass: "font-xing", critique: "行书气韵生动，行云流水，浓淡自如；飘若浮云、矫若惊龙，在规矩法度与抒情写意之间达到至高化境。", }, cao: { title: "草书名家墨迹鉴赏", source: "唐·怀素《自叙帖》/ 东晋·王羲之《十七帖》", bgClass: "stele-ink", fontClass: "font-cao", critique: "草书飞动奔放，回旋连绵，如骤雨旋风、奔蛇走虺，线条跌宕起伏，极尽书写者的性灵与笔势爆发力。", }, }; window.SteleViewer = { show: function (type, char) { const info = STELE_INFO[type] || STELE_INFO.kai; if (steleModalTitle) steleModalTitle.textContent = info.title; if (steleModalChar) { steleModalChar.textContent = char; steleModalChar.className = "stele-modal-char " + info.fontClass; } if (steleModalBox) { steleModalBox.className = "stele-modal-big " + info.bgClass; } if (steleModalMeta) steleModalMeta.textContent = info.source; if (steleModalCritique) steleModalCritique.textContent = info.critique; if (steleModal) steleModal.classList.add("open"); }, close: function () { if (steleModal) steleModal.classList.remove("open"); }, }; // 页面载入时初始化生字本与宣纸质感 VocabBook.init(); PaperTheme.init(); })();